发热伴血小板减少综合征的诊疗进展
时间:2020-11-18 18:10:16 来源:达达文档网 本文已影响 人
陈巧 李玲 彭程
[摘要] 发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)是由一种布尼亚病毒科白蛉病毒属的病毒(又称SFTS病毒)引起的传染性疾病。该病在中国、韩国、日本等地均有报道。但是,目前尚没有针对该病比较可信的临床治疗方法,因此早期确诊对于阻止病毒传播以及提高患者存活率尤为重要。本文主要对该病的诊断以及防治研究进展进行概述,为后续研究提供参考。
[关键词] 发热伴血小板减少综合征;临床;诊断;治疗
[中图分类号] R510 [文獻标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)02(a)-0044-04
[Abstract] Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a infectious disease caused by the Phlebovirus belonging to the Bunyaviridae family (also known as SFTS virus). The disease has been reported in China, South Korea and Japan. However there is no credible clinical treatment for this disease. Therefore, early diagnosis of the disease is particularly important to prevent viral transmission and improve patient survival. This article mainly summarizes the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the disease, and provides reference for subsequent research.
[Key words] Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome; Clinical; Diagnose; Treatment
发热伴血小板减少综合征(severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome,SFTS)是发现于中国[1-2]、韩国[3]、日本[4-5]的传染病,最近越南亦有报道[6]。该病主要由布尼亚病毒科的一种新型静脉病毒引起。2016年,国际病毒分类委员会第10号报告将此病毒正式命名为SFTS病毒(SFTSV),属于布尼亚病毒科白蛉病毒属。在疾病流行区域,SFTSV主要感染老年人群,且死亡年龄多为50岁以上[7]。本文将有关SFTS的诊断与治疗进展作一简要概述
1 流行病学
长角血蜱最初被认为是病原传播的主要载体,后来发现其他蜱虫也可传播病毒[8]。另外,接触感染者的血液也可导致人与人之间的传播[9]。2009年,该病毒在中国中部被发现之后,在日本和韩国也有出现相关报道。Fu等[10]在疾病流行地区进行血清学调查研究,结果显示约有4.3%的人群感染SFTSV。2011~2016年,中国每年有1000~2500例感染SFTSV,病死率约为5.3%,且该病在中国的爆发高峰期是每年5~7月,丘陵树木繁茂的环境爆发率最高[8]。自2013年以来,韩国报道其确诊的病例数<100例/年,但致死率高达32.6%,爆发高峰期为每年7~10月[11]。在日本,2012年确诊11例,其中6例死亡;2015年确诊161例,其爆发高峰期为每年4~8月[8]。
2 临床特征和诊断
2.1 SFTS临床特征
SFTS主要临床表现为迅速发生高热,胃肠道症状和出血倾向[4-5]。若患者伴有出血症状或意识恶化则表现为预后不良,大多数患者血小板减少、白细胞减少[12]。SFTSV感染的潜伏期为7~14 d,包括3个临床阶段:发烧、多器官功能障碍(MOD)和恢复期[5]。临床上主要以高烧(>38℃)和血小板减少(<1×106/mL)作为SFTS的标志,同时伴随其他常见症状如腹痛、腹泻、呕吐等[12]。
该病从感染到疾病发作的潜伏期通常为7~14 d,平均9 d[13]。SFTS病理特征[14-15]包括:①严重SFTS患者患有嗜血细胞综合征(HLH);②淋巴结可检测到SFTSV抗原;③SFTSV抗原有两种分布模式,一种是在大部分的组织器官中存在,另一种是在部分组织器官中存在;④中枢神经系统(CNS)病理损伤的患者可检测到SFTSV抗原;⑤患者的下呼吸道和肺部有时可检测到真菌感染。
2.2 SFTS诊断
实验室常用疾病标志物进行检测,包括血小板、淋巴细胞计数降低,相关酶水平升高,如乳酸脱氢酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酸激酶[16]。由于SFTS的临床表现无特异性,难与其他疾病(如人粒细胞无形体病、流行性出血热、钩端螺旋体病等)鉴别[17]。因此,实验室病原学检测对疾病的确诊非常必要。研究发现[18],可使用犬巨噬细胞(DH82)、非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)以及Vero E6细胞进行SFTSV分离培养。目前病毒分离培养也是疾病确诊最直接的方法,但该方法耗时较长且技术水平要求较高,难以推广。
实验室更多使用分子生物学方法进行病原学检测,如逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和反转录环介导等温扩增技术(RT-LAMP),该方法具有较高的灵敏度和特异度[19-20]。患者发病1周后,SFTSV特异性抗体水平开始升高,特异性IgG抗体于发病后6个月达到最高峰,5年内可持续检测到抗体水平;特异性IgM抗体则于发病后4周达到最高峰,持续时间约1年[21]。因此,使用双抗原夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法和间接ELISA法可检测人血清中的SFTSV,以及针对SFTSV结构蛋白(NP)的IgG和IgM抗体[21]。
在中国,实验室确诊SFTS需满足以下一个或多个标准[23-24]:①血清/血液中的病毒核酸检测;②病毒特异性IgM抗体阳性;③恢复期较急性期病毒特异性IgG抗体滴度增加4倍;④患者样本能分离出SFTSV。在日本,则需要发烧>38℃,出现胃肠道症状(如恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、黑便),白细胞减少(<4×109/L),血小板减少(<100×109/L),天门冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶和乳酸脱氢酶水平升高等才能确诊[25]。实际诊断过程中,疾病確诊需结合临床表现以及实验室诊断。
3 治疗
3.1 利巴韦林
Shimojima等[26]对接种SFTSV之前和之后3 d使用抗病毒药利巴韦林进行干预的体外试验研究显示,SFTSV接种之前使用该药物干预可显著抑制病毒复制,但接种SFTSV之后其抑制效果显著下降。但利巴韦林与干扰素联用显著抑制SFTSV的复制[27]。故抗病毒药在体外对SFTSV的复制有抑制作用,但需要选择合适的干预时间或与其他药物联合使用。目前对于利巴韦林治疗SFTS患者尚无令人信服的治疗结果[28],再加上利巴韦林导致溶血及血淀粉酶增高等不良反应,其临床应用尚有争议[28]。动物实验结果显示[26-27,29-31],抗病毒药利巴韦林、法匹拉韦、抗疟药阿莫地喹、含有中和抗体的血清对SFTSV复制具有抑制作用。
3.2 法匹拉韦
法匹拉韦是一种批准在日本临床使用的口服药物,最早由日本制药公司富山化学株式会社开发[32]。法匹拉韦属于吡嗪衍生物,对各种RNA病毒具有广泛的抗病毒活性。Tani等[29]发现腹腔注射法匹拉韦60 mg/(kg·d)或300 mg/(kg·d),可完全保护小鼠免受致死性感染,且口服同等剂量的药物可达到同样效果。另外,300 mg/(kg·d)法匹拉韦治疗SFTSV小鼠,可使其病毒血症消失[33]。Gowen等[34]实验结果也与之相似。目前有关此药物的研究处于实验阶段,尚无该药应用于人体的报道。
3.3 支持治疗
由于目前尚无特异性的抗病毒疗法,SFTS的治疗主要以支持治疗为主。常见的支持治疗包括补液、维持电解质平衡、输入新鲜冰冻的血浆和血小板。韩国科学家最近报道[35-37],SFTS患者在服用或不服用利巴韦林的情况下成功接受了血浆置换(PE)治疗。此外,Oh等[38]研究结果显示,早期PE组患者的死亡率与非PE组无差异,但早期PE组患者存活时间长于非PE组。因此,PE在SFTS患者治疗中的功效还需进一步研究。
4 SFTSV预防
有关SFTSV疫苗的研究有两次报道。①Liu等[39]使用C57BL/6小鼠皮下注射重组SFTSV非结构(NS)蛋白,进行小鼠攻毒实验,并未发现其对病毒复制有抑制作用;②Jung等[40]将编码SFTSV NP和NS质粒利用纳米技术合成DNA疫苗给予BALB/c小鼠,与NP质粒比较,转染NS质粒后,CD8+/CD4+细胞中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的释放存在显著差异,提示,NS质粒刺激γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)分泌的细胞含量更高。故目前尚无针对SFTSV的有效疫苗,其预防措施主要依靠切断传播途径,如防止蜱虫叮咬,避免接触SFTS患者的血液、分泌物或排泄物,加强健康教育。
5 小结
SFTSV具有广泛的动物宿主和引起人类严重感染的能力,已对公众健康构成严重威胁。该病临床表现无特异性,且目前并没有经许可的疫苗或针对性治疗药物。虽然有抗病毒药利巴韦林治疗SFTSV的描述性报道,但并无令人信服的治疗效果。因此,对该病毒的连续监测和分子检测对于SFTSV感染的早期确诊非常重要。由于SFTSV出现的时间并不是很久,其病毒进化、系统发育、遗传变异机制还没有进行深入研究,故没有发现动物模型可以观察到人类的所有临床症状。因此,应加强SFTS的基础研究,同时寻找疾病发病过程的有效动物模型,为疫苗和新药的开发提供基础。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-03 本文編辑:刘明玉)