连续性和非连续性动词

　教学目标

　理解延续性动词与非延续性动词的定义，掌握基础的用法。

　掌握英语中完成时态的用法。

　理解并掌握宾语从句。

　课型：新授课

　课时：第四次课

　教学重点：完成时态，宾语从句的用法。

　教学步骤

　延续性动词与非延续性动词

　定义

　英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。

　延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

　非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy等。

　延续性动词的用法特征

　（1）延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示“时间段”的状语连用。

　表示时间段的短语有：for+一段时间（eg: for two years）, since从句（eg: since he came here）, since+时间点名词（eg: since last year）, during the past three years, how long, for a long time等。

　例：I have learned English since I came here. 自从我来到这儿就学习英语了。

　（2）延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“时间点”状语连用

　如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.（误）rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示“时间点”，前后显然矛盾。

　如果要用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等非延续性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.

　非延续动词的用法特征

　非延续性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。

　例:The train has arrived. 火车到了。

　 Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗？

　非延续性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用（只限

　 肯定句）。如：

　误：He has died for three years. 正：He died three years ago.

　误：He has come here for five days. 正：He has been here for five days.

　非延续性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示“时间段”的状语

　 连用。如：

　He hasn't left here since 1986. 从1986年以来他就没离开过这里。

　I haven't heard from my father for two weeks. 我已经两周没收到我父亲的来信了。

　非延续性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till..."的句型，意为“直到……

　 才……”。如：

　You can't leave here until I arrive. 直到我到了，你才能离开这里。

　I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今天晚上直到我画完画，我才去睡觉。

　非延续性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句

　 中。

　因为when表示的时间可以是“时间点”（从句谓语动词用非延续性动词），也可以是“时间段”（从句谓语动词用延续性动词）；而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词要用延续性动词。如：

　When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock.（reach为终止性动词）

　Please look after my daughter while/when we are away.（be away为延续性动词短语）

　（6）终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用（只限于肯定句）。如：

　误：How long have you come here?

　正：How long have you been here?

　正：When did you come here?

　过去完成时

　1.概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。

　----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|---------------------------->

　那时以前　 那时　 现在

　构成形式：

　① 基本形式:had + 过去分词。如:

　We had reached the top of the h。

　② 否定形式:had + not + 过去分词。如:

　They hadn’t finished the work when we got there.

　我们到那儿时,他们还没有完成工作。

　③ 一般疑问句形式:had提到句首,回答用Yes, 主语 + had. / No, 主语 + hadn’t. 如:

　 —Had he told you to go there earlier yesterday?

　? 他昨天告诉过你早点儿到那儿吗?

　 —Yes, he had. (No, he hadn’t.) 是的,他告诉了。(不,他没有。)

　④. 被动语态形式：had + been + 过去分词。如：

　When I got there, the windows had been broken. 当我到那儿时，窗户已经被打破了。

　用法：

　① 用在主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中。如:

　My father asked me if I had finished reading that book. 爸爸问我是否读完那本书了。

　② 用在“after / before / when + 过去时态从句”或有“by+过去时间”的句子中。如:

　Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home.

　在我回到家前,妈妈已经把饭做好了。

　③ 和由for或since 引导的、表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。如:

　He had worked in that factory for five years before he moved here.

　他搬到这儿前已经在那个厂子工作了五年。

　注意：since与for的区别：

　 Since+时间点，for+一段时间

　 例：since ten years ago=for ten years

　现在完成时

　概念：现在完成时表示的是动作发生在过去，强调动作对现在的影响。

　构成形式：

　①肯定句： have/has done

　②否定句：...have/has not done

　③一般疑问句： Have/ Has ... done ....?

　 Yes, ... have/has. No, ...have/has not.

　 ④

　already

　“已经”

　肯定句的中间和末尾处

　never

　“从不”

　中间处

　ever

　“曾经”

　疑问句和肯定句的中间处

　just

　“刚刚”

　中间处

　yet

　“已经” 、“还”

　疑问句、否定句的末尾处)

　have been in, have been to 与 have gone to 的用法区别

　（1）have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等。例如：

　Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。

　此外还有这些搭配： have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm have been here (there)

　 / abroad

　（2）have(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”，现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用，例如：

　I have just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。

　Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。

　Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？

　have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。例如：

　I have been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。

　They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。

　（3）have(has) gone to意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。

　 例如：----Where is Tom? ----He has gone to the bookshop. 汤姆在哪里？他到书店去

　 Jack Johnson has gone to London. 杰克.约翰逊到伦敦去了。

　（4）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

　 现在完成时强调的是动作发生在过去并且对现在仍有影响。一般过去时强调的是过去发生的动作。例如：

　I have lost my new book.? 我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）

　I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）

　现在完成时与过去完成时的比较：现在完成时表示动作相对于现在已经完成，其标准对照时间点为现在；而过去完成时表示动作相对于过去某一时刻前已完成，其标准对照时间点为过去。例如：

　I have been there twice. 我去过那儿两次。

　I had been there twice before I went to school. 在我上学前，我去过那儿两次。

　将来完成时

　概念：将来完成时是用在表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。将来完成时是用在表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。

　构成形式：shall(第一人称)/will（第二、三人称）+have+过去分词(done)

　用法：

　（1）.表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。

　例：Pick me up at 8 o'clock,I will have had breakfast by then.

　早上8点钟你来接我，到时我已经吃完早饭了。

　We shall（will） have learned 12 units by the end of this term.

　到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。

　By the time you get home， I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.

　你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。

　（2）.表示推测，相当于"must have done"结构。

　例：You will have heard of this, I guess. 我猜你已经听说过这件事了。

　I am sure that he will have got the information. 我相信他一定会得到这个信息。

　（3）.表示某种状态一直持续到 HYPERLINK "/view/1102846.htm" \t "/view/_blank" 说话人所提及的时间。

　例：We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了。

　宾语从句

　1.定义：在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。它是众多从句中的一员，在复合句中作主句谓语动词、介词或某些形容词的宾语。

　在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如：? I know the man.

　而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如：? I know that the man is a policeman.

　引导词

　（1）.陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：

　My teacher said I was a good boy.老师说我是个好男孩。

　She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.她并不知道自己病得很重。

　当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：

　①Is Jim a good student? 　I don’t know

　 I don’t know if /whether Jim is a good student.

　②Does Kate get up early? Do you know?

　 Do you know if /whether Kate gets up early?

　注意：只能用whether不用if 的三种情况

　一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下3种 情况只能用whether：

　①与or not连用：

　 He asked me whether or not I was coming. Let me know whether you can come or not.

　②在介词之后：

　 It depends on whether it is going to rain. I worry about whether I hurt her feelings

　③在不定式之前：

　 We haven’t decided whether to go there. I don’t know whether to accept or refuse.

　（3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的疑问词引导。如：

　 ①What is she doing? Can you tell me?

　 Can you tell me what she is doing?

　 ②Where does she live? Do you know?

　 Do you know where she lives?

　时态

　①如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句的时态根据具体情况来确定。

　例：Please tell us where we’ll go fishing tomorrow.

　Do you know when Mr. Smith moved here?

　②如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态。（一般过去时， 过去进行时， 过去将来时，过去完成时）

　例：He told me that he was born in Beijing in 1992.

　He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.

　特殊情况：

　①.从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言时，任用现在时。

　 Dad told us that it is better to do than to say.

　 He told the boy that three and three is six.

　 Could you tell me where the bookshop is.

　②.从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍然用一般过去时。

　附：上次作业

　Farley worked for the Canadian government. One day, he was __1__ to learn more about wolves. Do wolves kill lots of caribou（北美驯鹿）? Do they kill people?

　They gave him lots of food and clothes and guns. Then they put him on a plane and took him to __2__. The plane put him down and went away. There were no houses or people in this place. But there were lots of animals and lots of wolves.

　People tell terrible stories about wolves. They say wolves like to kill and eat people. Farley remembered these stories, and he was __3__. He had his gun with him__4_.

　Then one day, he saw a group of wolves. There was a mother wolf with four baby wolves. A father wolf and another young wolf lived with them.

　Farley watched these wolves every day. The mother was a very __5__ mother. She gave milk to her babies. She gave them lessons about life. They learned how to __6__ food. The father wolf got food for the mother. The young wolf __7__ the children. They were a nice, happy family—wolf family! Farley did not need his __8__ any more. In a short time, he got on well with the family. Farley watched them for five months. He learned that many stories about the wolves were __9__. Wolves do not eat people, and they do not eat many large animals. And he also learned bad things about men. It was men who killed many caribou and wolves.

　Later, Farley wrote a book about wolves. He wanted people to __10__ them and not to kill them.

　1. A. seen B. told C. heard D. found

　2. A. a small town B. a big city C. a far place D. a lonely village

　3. A. afraid B. happy C. angry D. tired

　4. A. at times B. all the time C. once a week D. every afternoon

　5. A. bad B. good C. hungry D. thirsty

　6. A. cook B. make C. get D. pick

　7. A. shouted at B. looked into C. laughed at D. played with

　8. A. food B. clothes C. gun D. plane

　9. A. not good B. not true C. not easy D. not clear

　10. A. grow B. have C. teach D. understand

　名师点评

　狼历来被世人视为凶残的动物,事实是否的确如此呢？带着这一疑问，Farley进行了实地考察，在和狼进行了零距离的接触后, 改变了自己的观点。本文告诉我们要学会根据事实说话。

　答案简析

　B。Farley是政府工作人员。从上下文得知, 他是被派去进行调查和研究狼的习性的，故选told。

　C。根据下文飞机把Farley送到了一个没有房屋和人的地方, 说明了这个地方不可能是城市,小镇和村庄故a far place为正确答案。

　A。狼吃人的恐怖故事给孤身一人的Farley带来的应是afraid。

　B。因为Farley害怕, 所以枪应始终不能离身。all the time意为“一直、始终”。

　B。根据下文的描述，狼妈妈给孩子们喂奶，对孩子们进行训练，可见是一位好妈妈，故选good。

　C。狼只能猎取食物, 而不能烧食物, 生产食物。get合乎文意，为正确答案。

　D。shout at意为“朝……大声叫喊”；look into意为“调查、观察”；laugh at意为“嘲笑……”。这三个词组都不符文意。play with意为“和……一起玩耍”，合文意为正确答案。

　C。the nice happy wolf family让Farley不再害怕，因此也就不再需要枪了，故选择gun.。

　B。因为他的亲身体验与他所听到的相违背，说明以前关于狼的说法是不对的, 故选not true。

　10. D。understand意为“了解”合乎文意，为正确答案。