新一代移动通信系统——IMT-Advanced

　 新一代移动通信系统——IMT-Advanced研电1111班 金炜学号 1112201402 蜂窝概念的提出推动了第一代移动通信系统的实现，数字信号处理技术和器件的成熟促进了以global system for mobile communication(GSM)为代表的第二代移动通信的蓬勃发展，宽带CDMA的商用基本满足了第三代移动通信系统的业务需求。但是，随着全球范围内手机用户数的迅猛增长和新型无线多媒体业务的不断涌现，如何在有限的频谱资源上满足不断增长的宽带无线多媒体业务需求，成为未来移动通信技术发展的巨大挑战。IMT-2000 是国际电信联盟(international telecommunication union，ITU)定义的第三代移动通信的全球标准。IMT-2000工作在2 GHz频段，初期定义的目标是最高业务速率达到2 Mb/s。由于IMT-2000在核心技术上没有革命性的突破，难以在有限的频谱范围内提供广域覆盖和高达每秒数百兆比特速率的新型宽带无线多媒体业务，如宽带游戏、实时视频流媒体、视频会议、网络电视、远程教育等。为了解决上述矛盾，获得更高的信息传输速率和功率效率，在推动IMT-2000产业化的同时，世界各国已把研究重点转入新一代移动通信系统Beyond IMT-2000上。Beyond IMT-2000概念与需求的研究，于1999年11月被列入议事日程。2001年10月ITU-R WP8F的第六次会议上初步明确了Beyond IMT-2000研究的基本框架。2003 年6 月ITU-R WP8F完成了Beyond IMT-2000的Vision(愿景)。2004年10月ITU-R WP8F完成了一份频谱资源调研函，了解各国对Beyond IMT-2000频谱分配的期望。2005年10月，Beyond IMT-2000被正式命名为“IMT-Advanced”。2007年10～11月，在日内瓦召开的世界无线电通信大会上，IMT-Advanced所使用的频谱得以确定。ITU-RWP8F决定在2008年初开始IMT-Advanced的标准化工作，并向全球开展技术提案征集工作，最后将于2009年底决定IMT-Advanced所使用的技术。在有限的频谱范围内提供更高的信息速率和功率效率，是新一代移动通信系统IMT-Advanced研究的重点。但是，移动通信系统也正面临通信基站天线站址选择难、通信环境电磁辐射大和通信频谱资源短缺等制约移动通信发展的问题。因此，IMT-Advanced系统务求在概念和技术上有新的突破，在提高信息传输速率和功率效率的同时解决上述问题。1 IMT-Advanced系统特征 与IMT-2000系统相比，IMT-Advanced系统的显著特征是具有更高的数据传输速率。IMT-Advanced系统空中接口希望达到的数据传输速率为：在低速移动(如游牧或固定接入)热点覆盖场景下达到1 Gb/s，在高速移动广域覆盖场景下达到100 Mb/s。

　ITU-R M.1645 定义了IMT-2000 和IMTAdvanced的框架和未来的发展目标，对IMT-2000的未来发展以及IMT-Advanced的数据速率的远景规划如图1所示。图中，深灰色表示现有IMT-2000系统能力，中度灰色表示增强型IMT-2000系统能力，浅灰色表示IMT-Advanced系统能力；移动性包括低移动性(步行速度)和高速60～250 km/h(高速公路或快速列车)。IMT-2000系统能力包括增强型IMT-2000和IMT-2000未来发展的能力；IMT-Advanced系统不仅涵盖了目前的IMT-2000系统能力，而且还包括游牧/本地接入系统、数字广播等系统的能力。IMT- 2000和增强型IMT-2000及IMT-Advanced系统将在不同的业务需求和无线环境下的各种接入技术，相互结合互为补充，形成一个通用且灵活的业务平台。2 IMT-Advanced需解决的基本问题 IMT-2000系统面临基站天线选址难、手机和基站天线辐射大以及频谱资源短缺等影响其发展的三个瓶颈问题。新一代无线通信系统IMT-Advanced必须在满足速率需求的同时，彻底解决上述问题。2.1 基站天线如何选址 基站天线的架设地点一直是困扰移动运营商的难题：部分已存在基站天线的站址，其业主不允许再使用；同时，网络优化后的新设基站天线站址很难找到安身之地。基站天线选址难一方面源于人们普遍认为基站天线辐射的电磁波对人体有害，从而阻挠在居民楼或办公楼架设基站天线；另一方面源于基站天线有损环境美观，尤其对于住宅小区、繁华闹市和旅游风景点。每年都有大量的基站天线遭遇拆迁问题，所引起的基站拆迁纠纷不断发生。

　市场上提供了各种“美化天线”方案，采用各种手段对天线的外表进行伪装和修饰，美化城市的视觉环境，同时减少居民对电磁环境的恐惧和抵触。如用假树叶、树干来装饰天线抱杆和天线；或将天线安装在建筑物外墙面上，把天线的抱杆和天线罩漆上与建筑物外墙一样的图案和颜色；或将天线隐藏在建筑物的特定位置，使天线不被察觉等。但是，基站天线对周围环境的辐射问题依然存在，伪装和掩饰只是权宜之计，并没有从根本上解决基站天线站址选择的难题。目前，城市中建筑物的楼顶已经是各类基站天线林立，如图2所示。左图位于东经104°06'08.21"、北纬30°39'37.47"，右图位于东经104°06'12.37"、北纬30°39'05.32"，2007年7月25日摄于成都市成华区。IMT-2000 基站天线几乎无立足之地， 新的IMT-Advanced系统的基站采用多天线技术后具有更多的天线，这些天线又将架设在何处？办公楼顶、居民楼顶还是郊外大功率发射塔？从根本上解决基站天线选址的问题是新一代移动通信系统IMT-Advanced亟待解决的首要问题。2.2 “绿色”通信网络目前国际上常用specific absorption rate(SAR)来衡量手机等设备的近场辐射对人体的影响。SAR代表生物体每单位(千克)在单位时间(秒)允许吸收的辐射能量，即有：式中 ρ 为生物体组织质量密度；σ 为生物体组织电导率； E 为感生电场强度。1997年美国联邦通信委员会(federal communications commission，FCC)公布了手机电磁安全性评价标准，即所有移动电话和小型发射机的SAR值不得超过1.6 W/kg[9]，即以6 min为计时，每千克人体组织吸收的电磁辐射能量不得超过1.6 W。根据电磁场理论，在天线结构以及手机和人体相对位置一定的情况下，天线辐射功率越大，在人体内形成的电场强度越高。人体吸收的SAR越大，用户身体受到的辐射伤害也越大。由于手机在通话时靠近人的脑部，人脑处于天线辐射的近场，因此天线辐射功率对人脑的伤害尤为严重，如图3所示。GSM手机900 MHz频段的最大发射功率为2 W，1800 MHz频段的最大发射功率为1 W，CDMA手机的最大发射功率为1 W。手机辐射功率为1 W时，在1.970 mm×1.197 mm×0.300 mm的体积内，平均SAR高达7.76 W/kg，远远超过手机电磁安全评价标准。虽然在正常情况下，手机的平均辐射功率远小于1 W，但手机会根据接收到的基站天线信号的强弱自动调节自身辐射功率。手机离基站天线越近，接收到的基站天线信号越强，手机辐射功率就越小。反之，当手机在钢筋混凝土结构等对电磁波有很大影响的建筑中时，接收到的基站天线信号较弱，手机会自动增大辐射功率以和基站天线保持联系，使SAR超过手机电磁安全评价标准。传统的基站天线一般负责半径为100～1 000 m的蜂窝小区，广播信道发射功率需要达到实现全小区信号覆盖的要求。市区内基站天线发射机标称功率正常为37～43 dBm，但是在基站附近的用户并不需要如此大的发射功率，这种较大的发射功率辐射对基站天线附近用户的SAR值是不利的。鉴于对手机用户和基站天线周围居民吸收SAR的考虑，本文认为IMT-Advanced系统的基站和手机发射功率应当限制在10 mW以下，使移动通信环境成为一个更加“绿色化”的环境。因此，降低手机和基站的发射功率，并且解决射频功率和小区无缝覆盖之间的矛盾，是IMT-Advanced无线通信系统面临的一个核心挑战。2.3 频谱资源短缺无线电频谱资源是一个有限的、不可再生的战略资源，近年来引起了全球的高度重视。目前的无线通信频谱整体利用效率很低，频谱需求和供应间矛盾日益突出。如何在有限的频谱资源中找到可使用的频率及其相关的使用技术， 以满足IMT-Advanced业务速率需求成为亟待解决的问题。许多国家已经将可用的无线频谱分配给特定的用户。从NTIA(美国国家通信和信息管理局)频谱分配图上可以看出，具有优良无线通信性能的5 GHz以下频谱(“热点”频谱)资源十分紧张，免许可的industrial scientific medical(ISM)频段已经相当拥挤，难以找到足够宽的频段满足IMT- Advanced系统通信需求。无线通信的许可频段使用价格非常昂贵，如2006年9月FCC的3G无线频谱拍卖会上，美国第四大移动电话提供商T-Mobile公司花费42亿美元获得了120张牌照，Verizon Wireless出价28亿美元获得了13张牌照，有线电视运营商Comcast、时代华纳和无线运营商Sprint Nextel组成的联盟共花费24亿美元获得了137张牌照。IMT-Advanced系统应采用革命性的无线通信技术，合理使用昂贵的“热点”频谱及非“热点”频谱，以彻底解决移动通信频谱资源短缺的问题。3 IMT-Advanced系统关键技术为了使IMT-Advanced成为一个绿色电磁波的移动通信网络，必须采用天线数更多的分布式多天线技术。但另一方面，更多的天线数又增加了天线站址选择及安装的困难。同时还需要研究合适的无线通信技术来解决频谱资源问题。3.1 分布式信息灯通信网分布式信息灯通信网是指以信息灯为接入点的分布式无线通信系统(distributed wireless communicationsystem，DWCS)。信息灯是一种具有普通照明功能且能实现部分无线信号收发功能的新型装置，通过与之相连的电力线(或者光纤)实现接入点与接入网的信息交互。考虑到室内及室外的照明灯已广泛覆盖的现实，只要用户身处城市或郊区中，就有一个照明灯离其很近。将无线接入点集成在照明灯中，便组成具有信息收发功能的信息灯。分布式信息灯通信系统的逻辑结构包括分布式天线(信息灯)、分布式信号处理和分布式高层控制三个逻辑层，如图4所示。分布式天线以信息灯为无线接入载体，信息灯中的无线接入点完成部分信号处理功能，并通过专有传输网络与中心信号处理器通信。分布式天线(信息灯)对无线信号完成功率控制、光电转换和物理格式转换等功能。在上行链路中，信息灯接收移动台发射的空中接口无线信号，并对信号做前端处理，将信号格式转换成电力线(或光纤)信号格式，最后传输到中心信号处理器进行后续数据处理。在下行链路中，信息灯接收中心信号处理器传输的信号，并进行前端处理，将电力线(或光纤)信号格式转换成空中接口无线信号格式，最后将信号发射给移动台。分布式信号处理包括专用传输网络和分布式处理中心(distributed processing centers，DPC)两个部分。专用传输网络以电力线、光纤或同轴电缆等作为传输媒介，完成分布式天线和分布式信号处理器之间的信号传输和信号格式转换功能。分布式处理中心负责无线接入信号的处理，包括调制解调、匹配接收、信道编译码等功能。数据处理的基本功能可由多个分布于不同的地理位置的DPC共同完成，各个DPC节点通过专用传输网络相互通信，相互协调，对无线信号进行分别处理。分布式高层控制是一个逻辑层，与信号处理在同一平台进行。分布式高层控制负责高层协议控制和无线资源的管理，其分布式与分布式天线和分布式信号处理相适应。分布式信息灯通信网解决了基站天线站址选择、“绿色”通信网络、频谱资源紧缺三个基本问题。采用信息灯作为分布式无线通信系统的天线，可使接入和数据处理分离，因此使分布式天线(信息灯)的位置选择更加灵活，可以从根本上解决基站天线选址的难题。分布式天线(信息灯)的广泛分布能增强基站的无缝覆盖能力，并使基站天线和移动台的接入距离大幅度地减小，极大地提高了视距通信的概率。视距通信接入距离近，通信路径损耗小，从而可以采用近距离通信技术，降低基站天线和移动台的发射功率，为“绿色”通信环境创造条件。同时，近距离接入为高频段通信提供了条件，避开“热点”频谱，缓解频谱资源紧缺的压力。3.2 协同通信技术在分布式信息灯通信系统中，分布式基站天线(信息灯)或手持设备由于尺寸、复杂度等限制，可能不支持多天线技术，可以采用协同通信技术获得空间分集，降低基站天线或用户终端的发射功率，逼近更“绿色”电磁环境的无线通信网。根据协同实体的不同，协同通信可以分为基站协同和用户协同。基站协同是指在分布式无线通信系统中，处于不同地理位置的分布式基站天线，在基站协同处理器作用下形成分布式多天线结构，并联合进行空时信号处理的协同通信技术。各个分布式基站天线发射信号副本经历不同的衰落路径到达用户终端，在用户终端形成分集接收。用户协同是指在多用户通信环境中，当无线信道受到衰落影响时，用户信号的一路可以直接到达基站接收天线，另一路则可通过另一移动用户作为中继到达基站接收天线，并在基站中形成分集接收的协同通信技术。两个用户的协同通信如图5所示，用户2作为中继，协同传输用户1的数据。在用户协同通信中，两个具有协同关系的用户除了传输自己的信息外，都有责任传输协作用户的信息。用户协同利用的协同分集技术，允许两个单天线用户分享对方的天线形成发射分集。按中继的实现方式，用户协同通信方法分为放大前传、译码前传和编码协同三种。3.2.1 放大前传放大前传(amplified and forward，AF)协同通信是指每个用户接收其协同作用户发射的信号副本，然后放大并重传该副本。中继不对信号进行解调和解码，而是直接将收到的信号进行模拟放大处理后前传。基站合并用户和中继的发射信息，最终判决传输符号。两个协同用户的放大前传协同通信系统可以获得2阶的分集度。虽然中继将噪声和信号一起放大，但是由于分集，放大前传相对于非协同通信有明显的性能改善。3.2.2 译码前传译码前传(decode and forward，DF)协同通信是指中继对接收到的信号进行解调和解码，再通过编码和调制重构信源的发射信号，从而消去噪声。DF协同通信比非协同通信没有更多的分集。但是，如果中继对数据进行了错误的判决，那么错误将被前向传播。为避免错误的前向传播而提出联合DF策略，当用户之间的信道瞬时SNR较高时，用户检测并前传同伴的数据；当信道SNR较小时，通信转换为非协同模式。两个用户的联合DF协同通信系统可以获得2阶的分集度。3.2.3 编码协同编码协同(coded cooperation，CC)将协同传输与信道编码相结合，在协同中各用户试图为其协同用户传输增加的冗余，而不是简单地重传收到的协同用户的数据或信号[16-17]。每个用户在传输时隙的前半部分传输一个自己的压缩码字，如果同伴能够正确地译码，后半部分用来传输同伴的数据；如果同伴不能正确地接收，则将剩下的时间用来传输自己的数据。由于每个用户数据分成两个部分传输，每个部分数据经历独立的衰落到达接收端，从而获得分集。AF和CC可以提供最多2阶的分集增益，故优于非协同方式。DF没有明显的分集增益，但其灵活度较高。AF有自身的局限性，不能将自身的信号存储下来或进行编码等交换，其实现协议的灵活度比DF低。协同通信使通信网络中多个分布式节点资源共享、功率共享和协同计算，节省了网络资源，并增加了信息传输效率。3.3 环境感知技术环境感知是指收集、利用信道的状况信息，以发射功率或频率资源使用成本最小化为优化目标，提供适合用户需要的无线业务信息传递服务。环境感知包括认知无线电技术及自适应调制解调技术等。认知无线电技术感知频谱的使用情况，根据频谱已使用情况采用合适的无线通信技术来使用可用的频率资源，提高频谱的利用效率。自适应调制与编码技术通过信道估计来估计信道的状态信息，动态地调整调制方案及编码方案，以最小化的发射功率传输最大化的业务数据量。3.3.1 认知无线电认知无线电(cognitive radio，CR)是一种智能无线通信技术，它依靠人工智能的支持，感知无线通信环境，通过对环境的理解、主动学习，实时调整传输参数(如功率、载波调制和编码方案等)，适应外部无线环境的变化，以满足用户通信最佳性能的需求。CR可分为频谱感知、频谱分析、频谱判决三个步骤。频谱感知是指未授权用户(从用户)对宽频带电磁波活动进行监控，实时地探测当前工作区域内频谱的使用状况，找出在频谱中没有被授权用户(主用户)使用或者被授权用户使用但功率很低的频段(“频谱空洞”)。频谱感知的主要方法有能量检测法、匹配滤波法和特征检测法等。频谱分析是估计频谱感知获取的“频谱空洞”的特性，并对“频谱空洞”进行分析和评价。频谱判决根据“频谱空洞”的特性和用户需求，在不给主用户带来有害干扰的前提下，非授权地使用这些频段，“伺机”进行通信。“伺机”通信的从用户频繁地对当前工作频段和其他频段进行感知，一方面探测当前工作频段主用户的出现，动态地改变系统传输参数以规避高优先级的主用户；另一方面监测其他频段，在当前工作频段不可用时，及时切换到其他可用的工作频段。CR技术使无线电频谱在用户之间动态共享，从时间和空间上充分利用空闲的频谱资源，提高了无线电频谱的利用率，缓解了频谱资源紧张的压力。3.3.2 自适应调制与编码 自适应调制与编码(adaptive modulation andcoding，AMC)技术是一种智能通信技术，即当信道状态变化时，发射端保持发射功率不变，随信道状态自适应地改变调制和编码方式，以在不同的信道条件下获得最大的数据吞吐量。在AMC系统中，发射端由参数可调的信道编码器和可调速率星座调制器等构成，根据预先选定的调制方式将信息发送出去。接收端通过信道估计感知无线信道状态信息，如衰落幅度、干扰和噪声等，并将信道感知结果反馈给发射端。发射端依据反馈信息，改变传输功率、符号速率、星座大小及形状、编码速率等参数以保证接收端具有恒定的信噪比，从而获得最大的系统平均频谱利用率[22]。当信道条件较好时，对用户的传输数据可以采用较高阶的调制方式和较高码率的信道编码方式，提高吞吐量；而当信道变差时，对用户传输数据选取较低阶的调制方式和较低码率的信道编码方式，降低系统的误比特率。AMC技术能够在给定数据传输质量的前提下，根据业务量、平均信噪比、平均时延等参数自适应地决定所采用的信道调制和编码方式，最大限度地发送信息，实现较高的数据速率。采用AMC的通信系统能有效提高频谱利用率，增加系统容量，减轻信道衰落起伏对系统传输性能的影响，实现更低的误码率，并保持恒定的发射功率，满足不同业务的需求。3.4 近距离通信技术分布式无线通信系统为近距离通信(short-range communication)提供了可能，近距离通信可以使基站和移动台降低发射功率，从而使通信环境“绿色化”。近距离无线通信技术主要包括蓝牙(bluetooth)、wibree、wireless fidelity(Wi-Fi)、红外线通信(IrDA)、Zigbee、超宽带(ultra wide band，UWB)通信、毫米波通信等。3.4.1 常用窄带近距离通信蓝牙以跳频扩频方式工作，通过间隔为1 MHz的79个跳频频点(2.402～2.480 GHz)来实现频谱扩展。Wibree低功耗、小尺寸、低成本，可以轻松地与蓝牙集成在一起[24]。Wi-Fi用于代表使用任何一种802.11x无线局域网标准的产品或服务，服务范围较小，传输距离有限，目前有四个标准：802.11a、802.11b、802.11g和802.11n。红外无线通信技术采用波长0.9 μm的红外线作为通信载体具有保密性强和抗干扰性强等优点[25]。Zigbee技术的物理层主要采用IEEE 802.15.4标准，有2.4 GHz和868/915 MHz两个物理层标准，都是基于直接序列扩频技术，主要适用于自动控制和远程控制领域。本文对蓝牙、Wibree、Wi-Fi、红外线通信、Zigbee等近距离通信技术在工作频率、有效传播距离等方面进行了对照，如表1所示。3.4.2 UWB通信技术FCC定义UWB信号为在频域相对带宽(百分比带宽)大于20%，或信号带宽大于500 MHz的信号。UWB通信技术是一种高传输速率的近距离无线通信技术，利用纳秒级窄脉冲发射无线信号，适用于高速近距离的宽带无线通信，数据速率可达每秒几百兆比特。UWB通信技术的物理层标准有以下的建议：(1) 多频带正交频分复用，以Intel和TI为代表，将频谱分割成多个子频带，在每个子频带上采用正交频分复用技术，其峰值速率可达480 Mb/s；(2) 直接序列UWB，以Motorola和Freescale为代表，采用的传统脉冲无线电方案，其峰值速率可达1.32 Gb/s。UWB通信工作在FCC分配的3.1～10.6 GHz的免许可频段，避开了3 GHz下的“热点”频谱资源，解决了无线通信频谱资源短缺的难题。同时，UWB发射功率极低，可使通信环境更加“绿色化”。3.4.3 毫米波通信技术毫米波(millimeter-wave)指波长从1 cm～1 mm(对应频率30～300 GHz)范围内的电磁波。毫米波通信是一种以毫米波作为信息传输载体的无线通信技术，在空中传播时损耗较大，传播距离短。毫米波通信频率高、衰减大，经过臭氧层和雨吸收，有空间滤波效应，易实现同频频率复用。毫米波波段频谱比较空闲(如60 GHz)，可用频带可达1 GHz，且天线和射频电路尺寸小，非常适合宽带移动通信的需要。毫米波通信的高传输带宽，使在近距离下(距离约10 m)能达到每秒几吉比特的无线传输速率。分布式信息灯通信网概念的引入，为IMTAdvanced系统基站选址提供了可行之途，协同无线通信技术和无线环境感知技术的发展为分布式无线通信网的高效运作提供了保证，而UWB技术和毫米波通信技术等高速近距离无线通信技术的日趋成熟，不仅为新一代移动通信系统IMT-Advanced高速传输提供了技术支持，而且利用高频段进行通信，为避免使用昂贵的“热点”频谱资源提供了可能。4 结 束 语本文对新一代移动通信系统IMT-Advanced特征以及需要解决的三个基本问题进行了分析，并对分布式信息灯通信网的概念以及协同通信技术、环境感知技术和近距离通信技术等关键技术进行了概述。我国有必要集中各企业和各科研单位的研发力量，建立“分布式”的IMT-Advanced研究团队，“协同”全国的无线通信研究发展力量，采用“感知”的协作模式，向ITU提交一个“协同”的中国IMTAdvanced解决方案。staff and workers' representativesThe representatives of the staff and workers from the unit or away from retirement, on behalf of automatically disqualified, on behalf of the delegation to the original vacancy shall be in accordance with the provisions of the election.Replace the fourteenth representatives of the staff and workersThere are the representatives of the employees, who have the right to change the unit:1, due to illegal law and discipline punishment;2, often without reason not to participate in the activities of the staff representatives of the staff and the organization of the work of the organization, a serious dereliction of duty;3, because of unpaid leave, sick leave and long-term, full-time study and so on, not to participate in the activities of the post of the staff and workers' congress;4, removed from the unit, from the original delegation.The rights of the representatives of the fifteenth employeesFirst, the incumbent will have the right to vote in the election, the right to vote and the right to vote.Two, have the right to participate in the Congress and its working mechanism in the company. Check all relevant departments to carry out the workers congress resolution and proposal to implement the situation, have the right to the right to participate in the personnel of the company leadership question.Three, to participate in the organization of the staff and workers' Congress of the activities of the organization and occupy production or work hours, according to the normal attendance to enjoy the treatment of the case.Four, the exercise of democratic rights of workers' representatives. Any organization or individual person shall stop, obstruct and take revenge complex.Five, during the term of office workers, in addition to personal serious negligence, enterprises may not perform their duties on behalf of the reasons for the lifting of the labor contract or employment changes.Obligations of the sixteenth employees' representativesOne, to study the principles, policies, laws and regulations of the party and the state, and constantly improve the political consciousness, technical and technical level and the ability to participate in the management.Two, in close contact with the masses, representing the legitimate rights and interests of workers, truthfully reflect the opinions and demands of the masses, workers, seriously implement the Congress resolution. To do good work, Congress gave the patience to do ideological education of the masses education work.Three, adhere to the basic principles of the four basic principles, and abide by the national laws, regulations and rules and regulations, labor discipline, do their own work.Four, do a business owner, actively participate in the democratic management of enterprises, as well as to their own political obligations, really play the role of staff representatives.The fourth chapter organization systemThe twenty-seventh Congress Chairman presided over the meeting. All the members of the presidium shall have the workers, technical staff, management staff and leading cadres. The technical workers, technical personnel, management personnel should be more than Banbanshu.The eighteenth Congress will be held once a year. Each meeting will be there must be more than 2/3 of workers' representatives.In case of major events, the proposal by the general manager, a trade union or more than one of the staff representatives of three points, cocoa held a provisional meeting.Behalf of the general assembly of the representatives of the general assembly to elect and make a resolution, must be approved by the majority of all representatives of the staff and workers.The nineteenth Congress should focus on enhancing enterprise vitality, promote technological progress, improve the economic benefit for enterprise management, an important problem of the distribution system and other aspects of the life of workers to determine the issue.Twentieth items will function in its decision within the scope of its powers, not by the workers' Congress agrees not to repair.Twenty-first post Congress may according to the needs, set up a number of dry matters related to the special committee, complete the staff assigned by clubs.Article Erershier a Congress session, an important issue to be a temporary solution, by the trade union congress convened the meeting on behalf of the table, the head of a negotiation process, and a downward, the workers' congress report confirmed.Joint conference may be based on the contents of the meeting to invite Party and government officials or other relevant personnel to participate.The fifth chapter Congress and trade unionArticle twenty-third the trade union committee of the public company shall, as the working organization of the staff and workers' representative assembly, undertake the following work:One, the organization staff elected representatives;Two, the proposal on the issue of the staff and workers' Congress is put forward, and the main task is to organize the work of the preparatory work of the staff and workers' Congress and to organize the work of the conference.33, presided over the meeting, the representatives of the employees association;Four, the special committee of the organization will carry out investigation and study, to make recommendations to the Congress on behalf of the general assembly, inspection and supervision to promote the implementation of the resolution of the general assembly, the implementation of the staff and workers to implement the decision of the general assembly;Five, to promote the democratic management of the staff and workers of the publicity and education, the organization of staff and workers on behalf of the study policy, business and management knowledge, improve the quality of staff representatives;Six, to accept and deal with the complaints and suggestions of workers and staff representatives, to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the representatives of the staff and workers;77, the organization of democratic management of other work.The sixth chapter, the democratic management of teams and groupsPrinciple of democratic management of the thirty-fourth departments, basically presided over by the branch to carry out. And should take leadership of the Department for the nuclear core absorption of employee representatives and branch Chairman chairman and members to participate in democratic management organization into the core management, carry out democratic management in enterprises and the work.Twenty-fifth actively carry out the democratic management team management, should be the administrative team as a unit, the absorption and absorption of trade unions and representatives of the small group of staff to participate in, to carry out the work of democratic management team.The seventh chapter supplementary provisionsThe twenty-sixth Congress and the special committee of the fund and paid by the administrative and incentive fund.The twenty-seventh article of this Ordinance by Congress through the implementation, by the company responsible for the interpretation of trade unions.The Ershibaba Ordinance such as inconsistent with the provisions of relevant provisions and closed to superiors concerned shall prevail.Twenty-ninth all roads lead to the implementation of the regulations from the date of promulgation.The system of joint meeting of the workers' Congress,According to the relevant provisions of the implementation of rules and regulations of the workers' Congress is ". To enable the company to post the workers' congress system of joint conference system, programmed and standardized. Important problems need to be solved with the provisional Congress and timely and effective, making books system.Two, consideration (discussion) is determined by the question of the authority and scope of theThe joint meeting of the workers' Congress is an important question consultation workers congress during the meeting will need a temporary solution, which includes two aspects: one is the important problem of fan of employees within the scope of Congress; two is an important problem for workers congress in the daily work.1, the trial scheme of distribution system and the important rules and regulations. The collective contract enterprise modification and involving important reform involves the vital interests of the workers and wage adjustment scheme, bonus allocation, insurance industry, labor protection measures, rules and regulations.2, the use of some of the benefits of the program, and other important matters of life and welfare of workers.3, according to the General Assembly authorized by the staff and workers, to deal with the principle of the General Assembly on behalf of the staff agreed, but also need to step by step to supplement the major issues of the decision and the resolution of the program.4, to discuss the study of corporate governance in the work of the democratic management of the question, to consider the work of the union president on behalf of the General Assembly on behalf of the General Assembly on the work of the democratic management of the report.5, the company and the union that need to submit administrative staff on behalf of the joint meeting agreed will.6, the major decisions of the above-mentioned enterprises, the problem should be submitted to the representative assembly of the workers' Congress.Three, issues raised and identified by the programThere are about 1, involving the vital interests of workers is an important problem and important enterprise reform and important rules and regulations, according to the relevant provisions of the Congress will act by the general manager, and brought the company Party branch Department of soliciting opinions, the union office to send completion, submitted to the Congress for deliberation and decision or joint meeting through the discussion.In 2, the union office received the general manager of company submitted bill (draft draft), pay the Congress to discuss special door working group responsible for the organization, the on-the-job generation will held a joint meeting of 100 days prior to the representatives of the employees or post staff representatives and special working group for long discussion, such as the motion involved workers the immediate personal interests, should be sent to the various departments, teams, extensive collection, take to listen to the opinions and suggestions of the employees, and employees will post comments and suggestions feedback to the company general manager or the person in charge of the proposed bill ((Department), according to their opinions and advice on the bill, the formation of a further amendment The Congress, submitted to the joint meeting will be decided or through.3, the workers' Congress authorized matters, led by the labor union of the company, and the relevant administrative personnel called to convene, discuss on it, within the scope of authorization scheme changes, the formation of the bill, submitted to the joint decision or by the joint meeting.4, the company administrative or trade union congress should be required to submit a joint meeting agreed to decide the motion, proposed separately by the company general manager or trade union committee, submitted a joint meeting of Congress decided to consider or through.Four, the meeting held a time, to participate in personnel, host1, the joint meeting of Congress on principle to convene a quarterly, in case of a particular situation can be held temporarily, each meeting must have more than 2/3 members.2, the joint meeting of Congress involved in personnel: the company trade union committee committee member, the company employee congress represent each leader, company employee congress will the special work group leader.3, in order to make the Congress a joint meeting to discuss the problem to be solved properly, according to the meeting content can invite negative company party responsible person or concerned personnel to participate in.4, Congress joint meeting convened by the company trade union committee, company chairman of the trade union chair.Five, a joint meeting of the procedures and principles1, the consideration of the decision or the issue must be subject to compliance with state laws, regulations and superiors have the relevant provisions of the joint meeting of the democratic consultation system.2, the general manager of the company and the trade union shall not be allowed to move the provisional motion of the subject without prior to the meeting when the joint conference is held.3, when meeting, according to the motion of the case by clinging to the person in charge of the formulation of the bill, the main content and purpose, requirements, and serious discussion, each express express their views, on the basis of consensus on the formation of the resolution.4, a joint meeting to discuss the problem of disagreement from time to time, can be adjourned, the understanding of all aspects of general agreement, to submit joint meeting consultation.5, the company will be meeting with views of general manager and administrative aspects disagree, make a decision to suspend the cocoa, as far as possible by the sign of general manager of the company or the relevant administrative approval with consent, Party branch of company, make coordination, processing according to the coordination situation..Negotiate a joint meeting to deal with the problem of the general manager to the company by the general manager of the company, or the general manager instructed the relevant departments responsible for the implementation, and by the representative leader to convey to the representatives of the employees or position of the masses of workers.6, an important issue of the joint meeting of the consultative process, the company's trade union committee to report on behalf of the General Assembly on behalf of the general assembly, to be confirmed.Inspection and Implementation7, the joint meeting on the formation of a consensus proposal or motion case, the staff and workers on behalf of the group must be a consistent pace, strict implementation and seriously implement.8, in view of the relevant issues related to the formation of the program or the resolution, the relevant functional departments should be responsible for the implementation.9, the implementation of the plan or decision on the formation of consensus, the company's trade union office is responsible for the inspection, supervision and implementation, and by the company's trade union committee responsible for the implementation of the report to the staff representative assembly.Supplementary articles1, the system is responsible for the interpretation of the trade union committee of the company, the need for modification, supplement, must be discussed by the company's staff and workers on behalf of the general assembly.2, such as the system and the higher level of spiritual contrary to the higher level.This system has come into force since the workers' Congress passed.Democratic appraisal leading cadres committee work responsibilitiesThis is on the Democratic Working Committee of leading cadres is the job workers congress under the special committee, open to work in coordination with the union. Its duty is to:One, in the company's unified arrangements and leadership under the guidance of, with the democratic appraisal of leading cadres working group and the Ministry of personnel, organization, discipline discipline inspection departments of the company leading cadres, the Department is mainly responsible for the de, can, diligence, performance, low five aspects of democratic appraisal, put forward the corresponding table of praise or criticisms and suggestions, and serve as an important reference for our company. The appointment and dismissal of cadresTwo, through seminars, listen to the opinions of individual letters, visits and other forms of assistance to the cadre worker Association union collection work and cadres personal suggestions and reference for the company, appointment and dismissal of cadres.Three, with the relevant functional departments to do a good job related to the cadres involved in the evaluation of other work, such as the evaluation index system of cadres and so on.Four, do a good job in Congress and other tasks assigned by the union or commission. The work will be held regularly meeting to discuss the work plan and complete the situation, and the Executive Committee of trade unions and report to Congress.Proposal review committee work dutiesThe proposal review committee is a special working committee of the staff and workers' Congress under the coordination of the trade union:One, responsible for carrying out the work of the implementation of the proposal.Two, Congress will make generation plenary meetings of the working party proposal plan and the annual work plan.Three, around the company's policy, combined with the company's real concern, on the company's reform and the masses of the problem put forward proposals of group play, democratic supervision, participation in politics and political role.Four, the organization, collection set proposal, to provide the conditions for the representative writing proposal.Five, on behalf of the proposal into the review, put on record, put forward to deal with the views of the relevant departments to handle.Six, on behalf of the proposal for the situation to carry out inspection and supervision, to assist and promote the implementation of the unit to deal with the case, the implementation of the proposal.Seven, there is a choice to put forward the issue of the proposal, the organization of consultation and dialogue, coordination and handling of the relevant issues in handling cases.Eight, select the key proposals to enhance the pertinence of the proposal, timeliness, the masses.Nine, responsible for representing the proposal knowledge training, and according to the needs of the work of a regular meeting of the Committee held a proposal to make the relevant work matters.Ten, report to the staff and workers' Congress.Job duties of the representative qualification examination committeeThe qualification examination committee is a special work committee of the staff and workers' Congress under the coordination of the trade union::One, responsible for reviewing the representatives of the employees on behalf of the General Assembly elected representatives of the new staff on behalf of the eligibility of the legal provisions of the law, to the workers' Congress on behalf of the general assembly to report the results of the review.Two, responsible for the staff and workers' Congress for examination by the representative qualifications case is in conformity with the law, report on behalf of the qualification check results to the workers congress.Three, in charge of the final termination of the recognition of the staff and workers' Congress on behalf of the general assembly, and to report to the staff and workers' Congress on the qualifications of the individual representatives.Equal Consultative Committee dutiesThe equal Consultative Committee is a special working committee of representatives of the staff and workers:One, the collection of collective contract text drafted, entered into, revised, amended, lifted to negotiate, and reached a consensus.Two, the consultation system to develop and modify the interests of workers involved in the relevant rules and regulations.Three, the contents of the collective contract to carry out a comprehensive or individual items of consultation.Four, the labor employment system reform and the labor dispute prevention and treatment issues were discussed.Five, the annual consultations should be to post from generation to generation delegation (Group) meeting or post Congress a report.Collective body contract supervision and inspection leading group workThe leading group for the supervision and inspection of collective contract is a special working committee of the staff and workers' Congress, which is under the coordination of the trade union:First, in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the state, the drafting of the coll